OCEAN LOVERS

Why Coral Reefs Need Protection

Coral reef systems are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth. They support thousands of species of fish, invertebrates, and marine life, protect coastlines by dissipating storm energy, and provide food for over a billion people globally. Reef tourism supports the economies of coastal communities from Hawaii to the Caribbean to Southeast Asia.

The damage already done is significant. Some estimates indicate that up to 80% of Caribbean reefs have been lost. The reefs that remain face compounding threats from warming oceans, ocean acidification, and chemical pollution — including sunscreen runoff from beaches, snorkel sites, and dive locations visited by millions of people each year.

How Sunscreen Ends Up in Coral Reefs

Approximately 14,000 tons of sunscreen lotion enters ocean environments annually. Standard sunscreen formulas wash off the skin during swimming and water activity, carrying active UV-filtering chemicals into the water column. In areas with high visitor volumes and concentrated water activity, this creates meaningful chemical exposure for the reef ecosystem below.

The primary concern is oxybenzone, a common UV-filtering chemical found in many conventional sunscreens. Research has confirmed that oxybenzone damages coral at the DNA level, interferes with the development of juvenile coral, and contributes to bleaching — the process by which corals expel the algae living in their tissues and turn white. Bleached coral is severely weakened and, without recovery, dies.

Other chemical UV filters, including octinoxate, have been shown to produce similar effects. Hawaii and several other jurisdictions have enacted legislation restricting or banning sunscreens containing these ingredients in response to documented reef damage.

How Aqua-Armor Protects Both You and the Reef

Watermans Aqua-Armor works differently from standard formulas in a way that has direct environmental consequences. Where conventional sunscreens wash away during water exposure — releasing their active ingredients into the surrounding water — Aqua-Armor is engineered to maintain adhesion to the skin through extended immersion.

Independently commissioned testing confirms the Aqua-Armor formula holds 97% or more of its SPF protection after 8 continuous hours of water immersion. The environmental implication of that result is straightforward: a formula that stays on the skin is not releasing chemicals into the ocean. The same property that makes Aqua-Armor effective for athletes makes it safe for marine environments.

This is reef-safe by mechanism, not just by marketing. The protection is not reduced. The reef exposure is not shifted to a different chemical. The formula simply does not leave the skin in a way that carries it into the water.

What Is Not in Watermans Sunscreens

Watermans sport sunscreens are free of oxybenzone, octinoxate, and other chemical UV filters identified as harmful to coral reef ecosystems. They are also paraben-free and formulated without the ingredients most commonly linked to marine environment damage in peer-reviewed research.

For ocean athletes — surfers, swimmers, divers, paddlers, and anyone spending extended time in or on the water — this matters beyond the personal protection benefit. The reef environments where ocean sports happen are the same environments that are most vulnerable to sunscreen chemical exposure. Using a reef-safe formula is the responsible choice for anyone who values the ocean they train and compete in.

Reef-Safe Watermans Formulas

Mineral SPF 55 with Aqua-Armor
Zinc-based mineral protection using physical UV-blocking ingredients. Free of oxybenzone and synthetic chemical UV filters. Independently tested to 8 hours of water resistance. The choice for ocean athletes who want maximum protection with the cleanest possible ingredient profile.

Hydro Lite SPF 55 with Aqua-Armor
Lightweight formula with Aqua-Armor technology. Oxybenzone-free. The same 8-hour independently tested water resistance in a lighter texture preferred for extended activity in warm conditions.

Full Sun Combo
Complete coverage for full days in the ocean. Pairs the Aqua-Armor lotion with the FacePro Stick for full-body and facial protection. Independently tested 8-hour water resistance. Reef-safe across the full combination.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Watermans sunscreen reef-safe?

Yes. Watermans sunscreens are free of oxybenzone, octinoxate, and other chemical UV filters identified as harmful to coral reef ecosystems. Independently commissioned testing confirms the Aqua-Armor formula remains on the skin during immersion, meaning it does not release active chemicals into the surrounding water or deposit on reef systems.

What sunscreen ingredients harm coral reefs?

Oxybenzone and octinoxate are the most extensively researched sunscreen chemicals linked to coral reef damage. Both have been shown to damage coral DNA, disrupt the development of juvenile coral, and contribute to bleaching. Several other chemical UV filters have shown similar effects in research settings. Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands have enacted bans on sunscreens containing these ingredients.

What is oxybenzone and why is it harmful to reefs?

Oxybenzone is a common UV-filtering chemical used in many conventional sunscreens. Research published in peer-reviewed journals has confirmed that oxybenzone damages coral at the cellular level, interferes with the reproductive development of juvenile coral, and contributes to bleaching — the loss of the symbiotic algae that give coral their color and nutrition. Even at low concentrations, oxybenzone has been shown to produce these effects.

How does sunscreen damage coral reefs?

Standard sunscreens wash off the skin during water activity, carrying active chemical ingredients into the water column. In areas with high visitor concentrations — popular snorkel and dive sites, beaches adjacent to reef systems — this creates meaningful chemical exposure for the reef ecosystem below the surface. The chemicals are absorbed by coral polyps and trigger a range of biological damage responses.

How much sunscreen enters the ocean each year?

Estimates suggest approximately 14,000 tons of sunscreen lotion enters ocean environments globally each year. The impact is concentrated in reef-adjacent areas with high tourism and recreational water activity, making reef-safe sunscreen use especially important at popular ocean destinations.

What makes a sunscreen truly reef-safe?

A genuinely reef-safe sunscreen avoids oxybenzone, octinoxate, and other chemical UV filters identified as harmful to marine ecosystems. Beyond ingredient avoidance, a formula that remains on the skin during water activity — rather than washing off — limits the amount of any ingredient that enters the water. Watermans Aqua-Armor combines both: a clean ingredient profile and independently tested adhesion that keeps the formula on the skin through extended immersion.

Is reef-safe sunscreen as effective as regular sunscreen?

Yes. Reef-safe does not mean reduced protection. Watermans Aqua-Armor is SPF 55, broad spectrum, and independently tested to 8 hours of water resistance — performance that exceeds most conventional sport sunscreens. Protecting the reef and protecting your skin are not competing priorities with Aqua-Armor.

Is mineral sunscreen reef-safe?

Mineral sunscreens using zinc oxide as the active ingredient are generally considered the safest option for marine environments. Zinc oxide does not carry the same documented reef damage profile as oxybenzone and octinoxate. Watermans Mineral SPF 55 uses zinc-based protection and is formulated without the reef-damaging chemical filters found in conventional sunscreens.

Is Watermans sunscreen oxybenzone-free?

Yes. All Watermans sport sunscreens are formulated without oxybenzone and without other chemical UV filters identified as harmful to coral reef ecosystems.

How does Aqua-Armor technology protect coral reefs?

Aqua-Armor is engineered to bond with the skin and resist displacement during extended water immersion. Independently commissioned testing confirms it holds 97% or more of its SPF protection after 8 hours in water. The direct environmental implication: a formula that stays on the skin does not wash into the surrounding water and cannot deposit on coral reef systems below.

What sunscreen should you use when snorkeling or diving?

For snorkeling and diving, use a reef-safe sunscreen that is free of oxybenzone and octinoxate, and that maintains water resistance through extended immersion. Watermans Aqua-Armor is oxybenzone-free and independently tested to 8 hours of water resistance, making it appropriate for reef-adjacent water activities where conventional sunscreen runoff causes the most direct environmental harm.

Are reef-safe sunscreens required in Hawaii?

Yes. Hawaii enacted legislation effective January 1, 2021, banning the sale of sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate without a prescription. The legislation was passed in response to documented reef damage in Hawaiian coastal waters. Other reef-adjacent jurisdictions including the U.S. Virgin Islands and Palau have enacted similar measures.

What is coral bleaching?

Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues in response to stress — including elevated water temperatures, chemical exposure, and disease. The expelled algae give coral their color and provide up to 90% of their energy through photosynthesis. Bleached coral appears white and is severely weakened. Without recovery conditions, bleached coral dies. Chemical sunscreen exposure is one of the documented contributors to bleaching stress in high-use reef areas.

Is Watermans sunscreen safe for marine environments?

Yes. Watermans sunscreens are oxybenzone-free, formulated without reef-damaging chemical UV filters, and independently tested to remain on the skin rather than washing into the water. For ocean athletes and anyone who spends time in or near reef ecosystems, Watermans Aqua-Armor provides full SPF 55 broad spectrum protection without contributing to the chemical load that damages marine environments.

Sources

Downs, C.A., et al. Toxicopathological Effects of the Sunscreen UV Filter Oxybenzone on Coral Planulae and Cultured Primary Cells and Its Environmental Contamination in Hawaii and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2016.

Danovaro, R., et al. Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2008.

Mitchelmore, C.L., et al. Occurrence and distribution of UV-filtering compounds and octocrylene in marine organisms. Science of the Total Environment, 2019.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Coral Reef Conservation Program. noaa.gov.

Smithsonian Institution Ocean Portal. Corals and Coral Reefs. ocean.si.edu.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Sunscreen Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use. Federal Register, 2011.

World Health Organization. Radiation: Ultraviolet radiation and health. who.int.

Hawaii State Legislature. Act 104: Relating to Sunscreen. 2018.

National Park Service. Oxybenzone and Octinoxate: Sunscreen Chemicals and Coral Reefs. nps.gov.

Skin Cancer Foundation. Reef-Safe Sunscreen. skincancer.org.

Independently commissioned immersion testing conducted to standards exceeding FDA 40-minute and 80-minute water resistance protocols, measuring SPF retention after 8 hours of continuous water exposure.